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Lead acid batteries are categorized into three usages: automotive (starter or SLI), motive power, and stationary applications such as UPS. They are subject to physical problems including growth and distortion of the electrode plates and shedding of active material into the electrolyte.
Modern sealed batteries such as gel-cell and absorbed glass mat (AGM) systems avoid these problems by suspending the electrolyte in a silica type gel or AGM. However they are heavier than nickel- and lithium-based systems. Lead Acid Battery are great for motor vehicles as they provide an intense jolt of energy when starting them and then recharge as they drive. However, their cycle life and power can be reduced by improper battery charging. The float charge method, or constant voltage-current limited charging, is the recommended method for achieving maximum battery capacity and service life. The float charge is achieved by applying a DC voltage of 2.30 volts per cell to the terminals of the battery until the inflowing current drops to less than 0.01 x C amps. Telecommunication and electric power facilities may employ large standby lead acid batteries to maintain critical loads during interruptions of primary grid power. These batteries require maintenance chargers with temperature compensation and float charge capability. Electric vehicles (EVs) are powered by an electric motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical motion. EVs generate few direct emissions and are significantly more efficient than fossil fuel vehicles from an energy perspective. Their efficiency depends on the method of electricity production; a typical EV would be twice as efficient if its energy was generated using renewables instead of fossil fuels. EVs require a lead-acid battery that is capable of recharging after long periods of time without losing capacity due to sulfation of the active materials in the electrolyte. This can be prevented by periodically recharging the battery to reverse the chemical reaction that forms the lead sulfate crystals. Larger Lead Acid Battery are used in backup power supplies for telephone and computer centers, off-grid household electric power systems, and as the emergency power on nuclear submarines. They may use wet cell designs for deep discharge applications or gel electrolytes or absorbed glass mat (AGM) technologies that allow the cells to be mounted in any position. Electric buses are rapidly growing in popularity in cities and other public transport fleets around the world. They have lower maintenance costs than diesel vehicles, offer quieter rides and help reduce pollution. However, these new buses do cost more than their traditional counterparts at the time of purchase and will likely require additional charging infrastructure. They also don’t have as much driving range as other technologies, though these challenges will be less of a hurdle as the technology matures. The key for bus operators to mitigate energy charges comes down to timing, and this includes understanding their dwell periods and how they align with facility loads. Electric trucks are already moving real business, helping companies reduce their carbon footprints, save fuel, and improve logistics efficiency. They can also provide a competitive edge in the long term. The battery capacity determines how much energy can be extracted from a PV system over a period of time. Various types of lead acid batteries are available, with different capacities, depths of discharge and charging regimes. During normal operation, the sulphate in the electrolyte is chemically bonded to the lead plates, producing electricity. During the recharge process, the battery reverses this reaction and the sulphate is converted back to sulphuric acid. Batteries that are not properly charged experience sulfation, a condition that reduces the battery’s lifespan. At low states of charge, large lead sulfate crystals develop on the electrodes. This impedes recharging and drastically reduces the battery capacity. Sulfation can be prevented by ensuring that the battery is always fully charged after a discharge cycle.
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